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3a. From “ES longlist” to key ecosystem services

Initially, a “longlist” of services was identified based on literature and estuarine expert involvement (table 12 ). The “TIDE longlist”, comprises 46 services, of which 15 provisioning, 25 regulating and 5 cultural services. The category “supporting service” (benefit: insurance of all services; see 2.1) was defined as total amount of abiotic and biotic diversity at all levels (gene-landscape), regardless of rarity or vulnerability. All services were briefly defined and main benefits mentioned (see table 1) Evidently, not all of these services have the same societal relevance. Some services are supplied in larger quantities than others. Also, differences between historical times, present and future supply will occur, and supply variations among and within estuaries prevail. When drafting this list, the explicit goal was to obtain a list containing al services mentioned in literature or by experts. Consequently, this list contains some redundancies, as well as mixtures between intermediate and final services.

CATEGORY	NR	SERVICES	BENEFITS	Short description
PROVISIONING SERVICES	1.1	Food: Plants	Food	presence and use of edible plants, including agricultural production for direct food consumption
	1.2	Food: Animals	Food	presence and use of edible animals, including livestock growth and fodder production
	1.3	Water for household use	drinking water	provision and use of water for household use meeting the quality standards for drinking water
	1.4	Water for industrial use	improved industrial production	provision and use of water for e.g. cooling water, rinsing water, water for chemical reactions
	1.5	Water for agricultural use	improved agricultural production	provision and use of water for e.g. irrigation water, freezing prevention for fruit trees, drinking water for cattle,..
	1.6	Water for energy use	renewable energy production	provision and use of water for tidal or dam water turbines
	1.7	Water for navigation	Shipping	presence and use of water for shipping purposes
	1.8	Raw materials: Renewable soil materials: sand	building material	provision and use of sand from dynamic environments which are renewed within a few generations (100 y)
	1.9	Raw materials: Renewable soil materials: clay	building material	provision and use of clay from dynamic environments which are renewed within a few generations (100 y)
	1.10	Raw materials: Platform	building platform for housing, roads, infrastructure,…	presence and use of stable and safe environments for building of infrastructure: housing, roads,..
	1.11	Raw materials: Plants	building material, fibre, fuel	presence and use of forests, energy and fibre crops
	1.12	Raw materials: Animals	building material, fibre, fuel	presence and use of animals for fur, leather, gelatine,…
	1.13	Genetic resources	various improved provisioning services	presence and use of typical varieties and cultivars of species, adapted to a specific environment
	1.14	Medicinal resources	human health	presence  and use of plants/organisms used in herbal medicine, medicinal tea,...
	1.15	Ornamental resources	Wellbeing	presence and use of organisms for decorative purposes
REGULATING SERVICES	2.1	Air quality regulation: Removing harmful particles	human health	adsorption of fine dust and pollutants on leaf surfaces of forests,…
	2.2	Air quality regulation: Air-water exchange	human health	influence of evaporation and evapotranspiration, condensation on air quality
	2.3	Air quality regulation: Biogeochemical reactions due to activity of organisms	human health	respiration and photosynthesis, exudation of chemicals by degradation reactions,…
	2.4	Climate regulation: Carbon sequestration and burial	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	buffering carbon stock in living vegetation, burial of organic matter in soils
	2.5	Climate regulation: Water thermodynamic regulation	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	cooling effect of vegetation, uptake of solar energy for photosynthesis and evapotranspiration,
	2.6	Climate regulation: Heat exchange regulation	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	effect of direct reflection, storage, transport, radiation of solar heat by various soil and water bodies
	2.7	Regulation  extreme events or disturbance: Flood water storage	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	storage of storm or extreme spring tides in natural or flood control habitats
	2.8	Regulation  extreme events or disturbance: Peak discharge buffering	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	storage of peak discharge floods in natural or flood control habitats
	2.9	Regulation  extreme events or disturbance: Water current reduction	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	reduction of water current by physical features or vegetation
	2.10	Regulation  extreme events or disturbance: Wave reduction	human health, avoided costs caused by extreme events or disturbance, ensured provisioning services	reduction of wave height by physical features or vegetation
	2.11	Regulation  extreme events or disturbance: Sound buffering	human health	reduction of noise disturbance by presence of natural buffers
	2.12	Water quantity regulation: drainage of river water	ensured platform, food, water other provisioning services	drainage of the catchment by the river
	2.13	Water quantity regulation: prevention of saline intrusion	various ensured provisioning services	countering of saline tidal wave by fresh water discharge
	2.14	Water quantity regulation: dissipation of tidal and river energy	various ensured provisioning services, avoided maintenance costs	buffering of average flood and discharge variations in the river bed
	2.15	Water quantity regulation: landscape maintenance	various ensured services	formation and maintenance of typical landscapes and hydrology
	2.16	Water quantity regulation: transportation	Shipping	discharge and tidal input for shipping, including water use for canals and docks
	2.17	Water quality regulation: transport of pollutants and excess nutrients	improved water quality, various ensured services	transport of pollutants from source, dilution
	2.18	Water quality regulation: reduction of excess  loads coming from the catchment	improved water quality, various ensured services	binding of N, P in sediments and pelagic food web
	2.19	Erosion and sedimentation regulation by water bodies	avoided damage or maintenance costs, various ensured provisioning services	sediment trapping and gully erosion by variable water currents and topography
	2.20	Erosion and sedimentation regulation by biological mediation	avoided damage or maintenance costs, various ensured provisioning services	sediment trapping and erosion prevention by vegetation, effects of bioturbation
	2.21	Biological regulation of soil processes and soil formation	various ensured provisioning services	soil microbial activities important for agriculture or water quality regulation processes, bioturbation
	2.22	Prevention of establishment of harmful invasive species	various ensured provisioning services	presence of resilient natural populations able to withstand invasion
	2.23	Reduced spread of diseases	various ensured provisioning services, human health	presence of resilient and equilibrated natural populations avoiding excessive population growth of disease-carrying vector species, importance for human health or agriculture
	2.24	Pollination	various ensured provisioning services	presence of pollinators and importance for agricultural production
	2.25	Pest control	various ensured provisioning services	presence of predators for problematic pest species impacting agricultural production
HABITAT SERVICES	3.1	"Biodiversity"	insurance of all services	total amount of abiotic and biotic diversity at all levels (gene-landscape), regardless of rarity or vulnerability
CULTURAL & AMENITY SERVICES	4.1	Aesthetic information	Wellbeing	appreciation of beauty of organisms, landscapes,…
	4.2	Opportunities for recreation & tourism	Wellbeing	opportunities and exploitation for recreation & tourism
	4.3	Inspiration for culture, art and design	Wellbeing	appreciation of organisms, landscapes,… as inspiration for culture, art and design
	4.4	Spiritual experience	Wellbeing	appreciation of organisms, landscapes,… on a spiritual level
	4.5	Information for cognitive development	Wellbeing	use of organisms, landscapes for (self-) educational purposes

Table 1: Longlist of estuarine ecosystem services for the four TIDE estuaries. Category (TEEB 2010), benefits and short definition is added.

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